We introduce organism networks, which function like a single neural network but are composed of several neural particle networks; while each particle network fulfils the role of a single weight application within the organism network, it is also trained to self-replicate its own weights. As organism networks feature vastly more parameters than simpler architectures, we perform our initial experiments on an arithmetic task as well as on simplified MNIST-dataset classification as a collective. We observe that individual particle networks tend to specialise in either of the tasks and that the ones fully specialised in the secondary task may be dropped from the network without hindering the computational accuracy of the primary task. This leads to the discovery of a novel pruning-strategy for sparse neural networks

Common to all different kinds of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) is the intention to model relations between data points through time. When there is no immediate relationship between subsequent data points (like when the data points are generated at random, e.g.), we show that RNNs are still able to remember a few data points back into the sequence by memorizing them by heart using standard backpropagation. However, we also show that for classical RNNs, LSTM and GRU networks the distance of data points between recurrent calls that can be reproduced this way is highly limited (compared to even a loose connection between data points) and subject to various constraints imposed by the type and size of the RNN in question. This implies the existence of a hard limit (way below the information-theoretic one) for the distance between related data points within which RNNs are still able to recognize said relation.

机器学习（ML）模型的开发不仅仅是软件开发的特殊情况（SD）：ML模型即使没有以看似无法控制的方式直接人类互动，也可以获取属性并满足要求。但是，可以形式上描述基础过程。我们为ML定义了一个全面的SD流程模型，该模型涵盖了文献中描述的大多数任务和文物。除了生产必要的工件外，我们还专注于以规格的形式生成和验证拟合描述。我们强调即使在初步训练和测试后，即使在生命周期中进一步发展ML模型的重要性。因此，我们提供了各种交互点，具有标准SD过程，其中ML通常是封装的任务。此外，我们的SD过程模型允许将ML作为（元）优化问题提出。如果严格自动化，则可以用来实现自适应自主系统。最后，我们的SD流程模型具有时间的描述，可以推理ML开发过程中的进度。这可能会导致ML领域内形式方法的进一步应用。

黑匣子优化（BBO）可用于优化分析形式未知的功能。实现BBO的一种常见方法是学习一个替代模型，该模型近似于目标黑匣子函数，然后可以通过白盒优化方法解决该模型。在本文中，我们介绍了我们的方法盒子，其中替代模型是QUBO矩阵。但是，与以前的最先进方法不同，该矩阵不是完全通过回归训练的，而是主要是通过“好”和“坏”解决方案之间的分类来训练的。这更好地说明了QUBO矩阵的低容量，从而使整体解决方案明显更好。我们测试了针对四个领域的最先进的方法，在所有域中，盒子中的结果表现出明显更好的结果。本文的第二个贡献是解决白框问题的想法，即可以通过黑匣子优化直接将其直接提出为Qubo的问题，以便将Qubos的大小减少到其信息理论的最小值中。实验表明，这大大改善了最大$ K $ -SAT的结果。

在模仿学习的背景下，提供专家轨迹通常是昂贵且耗时的。因此，目标必须是创建算法，这些算法需要尽可能少的专家数据。在本文中，我们提出了一种算法，该算法模仿了专家的高级战略，而不仅仅是模仿行动水平的专家，我们假设这需要更少的专家数据并使培训更加稳定。作为先验，我们假设高级策略是达到未知的目标状态区域，我们假设这对于强化学习中许多领域是有效的先验。目标国家地区未知，但是由于专家已经证明了如何达到目标，因此代理商试图到达与专家类似的州。我们的算法以时间连贯性的思想为基础，训练神经网络，以预测两个状态是否相似，从某种意义上说，它们可能会随着时间的流逝而发生。在推论期间，代理将其当前状态与案例基础的专家状态进行比较以获得相似性。结果表明，我们的方法仍然可以在很少有专家数据的设置中学习一个近乎最佳的政策，这些算法试图模仿动作级别的专家，这一算法再也无法做到了。

由于昂贵的挖掘程序，光纤到-UTH（FTTH）网络的扩展会产生高成本。因此，优化规划过程，最大限度地减少地球挖掘工作的成本导致大量节省。在数学上，FTTH网络问题可以被描述为最小的Steiner树问题。尽管在过去的几十年中已经在集中进行了密集地进行了强烈调查了施泰纳的问题，但可以在新的计算范例和新兴方法的帮助下进一步优化。这项工作研究即将到来的技术，例如Quantum退火，模拟退火和自然启发方法，如进化算法或基于粘液模具的优化。此外，我们还调查分区和简化方法。在几个现实生活中评估，我们可以在大多数域上表达传统的广泛使用的基线（NetworkX近似求解器）。先前分区初始图和所呈现的基于粘液模具的方法对于成本有效的近似特别有价值。 Quantum退火似乎很有希望，但受到可用Qubits的数量的限制。

View-dependent effects such as reflections pose a substantial challenge for image-based and neural rendering algorithms. Above all, curved reflectors are particularly hard, as they lead to highly non-linear reflection flows as the camera moves. We introduce a new point-based representation to compute Neural Point Catacaustics allowing novel-view synthesis of scenes with curved reflectors, from a set of casually-captured input photos. At the core of our method is a neural warp field that models catacaustic trajectories of reflections, so complex specular effects can be rendered using efficient point splatting in conjunction with a neural renderer. One of our key contributions is the explicit representation of reflections with a reflection point cloud which is displaced by the neural warp field, and a primary point cloud which is optimized to represent the rest of the scene. After a short manual annotation step, our approach allows interactive high-quality renderings of novel views with accurate reflection flow. Additionally, the explicit representation of reflection flow supports several forms of scene manipulation in captured scenes, such as reflection editing, cloning of specular objects, reflection tracking across views, and comfortable stereo viewing. We provide the source code and other supplemental material on https://repo-sam.inria.fr/ fungraph/neural_catacaustics/

Edge computing is changing the face of many industries and services. Common edge computing models offload computing which is prone to security risks and privacy violation. However, advances in deep learning enabled Internet of Things (IoTs) to take decisions and run cognitive tasks locally. This research introduces a decentralized-control edge model where most computation and decisions are moved to the IoT level. The model aims at decreasing communication to the edge which in return enhances efficiency and decreases latency. The model also avoids data transfer which raises security and privacy risks. To examine the model, we developed SAFEMYRIDES, a scene-aware ridesharing monitoring system where smart phones are detecting violations at the runtime. Current real-time monitoring systems are costly and require continuous network connectivity. The system uses optimized deep learning that run locally on IoTs to detect violations in ridesharing and record violation incidences. The system would enhance safety and security in ridesharing without violating privacy.

Cognitive Computing (COC) aims to build highly cognitive machines with low computational resources that respond in real-time. However, scholarly literature shows varying research areas and various interpretations of COC. This calls for a cohesive architecture that delineates the nature of COC. We argue that if Herbert Simon considered the design science is the science of artificial, cognitive systems are the products of cognitive science or 'the newest science of the artificial'. Therefore, building a conceptual basis for COC is an essential step into prospective cognitive computing-based systems. This paper proposes an architecture of COC through analyzing the literature on COC using a myriad of statistical analysis methods. Then, we compare the statistical analysis results with previous qualitative analysis results to confirm our findings. The study also comprehensively surveys the recent research on COC to identify the state of the art and connect the advances in varied research disciplines in COC. The study found that there are three underlaying computing paradigms, Von-Neuman, Neuromorphic Engineering and Quantum Computing, that comprehensively complement the structure of cognitive computation. The research discuss possible applications and open research directions under the COC umbrella.

Reading comprehension of legal text can be a particularly challenging task due to the length and complexity of legal clauses and a shortage of expert-annotated datasets. To address this challenge, we introduce the Merger Agreement Understanding Dataset (MAUD), an expert-annotated reading comprehension dataset based on the American Bar Association's 2021 Public Target Deal Points Study, with over 39,000 examples and over 47,000 total annotations. Our fine-tuned Transformer baselines show promising results, with models performing well above random on most questions. However, on a large subset of questions, there is still room for significant improvement. As the only expert-annotated merger agreement dataset, MAUD is valuable as a benchmark for both the legal profession and the NLP community.